Watch The Full Program Black Money FRONTLINEAs the global financial downturn continues and pressure for profits increases on corporations across the world, a small group of lawyers in the U. S. Justice Department is pursuing an aggressive crackdown against an international business tactic - - bribery - - which the World Bank says amounts to as much as a trillion dollars a year in payments.(more »)"Over the past two years, the U. S. government has collected almost a billion and a half dollars in fines in foreign bribery cases," says Mark Mendelsohn, the Department of Justice prosecutor in charge of more than 1. CEO of a subsidiary of the Halliburton Corp., and another which ended in a record $8. German giant Siemens. There's a whole world of conduct that rarely sees the light of day."In Black Money, FRONTLINE correspondent Lowell Bergman investigates this shadowy side of international business, shedding light on multinational companies that have routinely made secret payments - - often referred to as "black money" - - to win billions in business."The thing about black money is you can claim it's being used for all kinds of things," the British reporter David Leigh tells Bergman.

You get pots of black money that nobody sees, nobody has to account for, .. Mostly what happens with black money is people steal it because they can."Leigh knows. In his groundbreaking reporting for The Guardian newspaper, he helped uncover one of the biggest and most complicated cases currently under investigation - - a story involving a British aerospace giant, the Saudi royal family, and an $8.

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Al Yamamah, or "The Dove" in Arabic. If there was one person who was the main man behind this arms deal, it turned out it was the U. S. ambassador, Prince Bandar bin Sultan," says Leigh. It all started back in 1. Prince Bandar was put in charge of acquiring new fighter jets for the Saudi Arabian air force.

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7. "Over the past two years, the U.S. government has collected almost a billion and a half dollars in fines in foreign bribery cases," says Mark Mendelsohn, the.
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The Israeli lobby in Congress reportedly stood in the way of the United States making a deal with the Saudis, so President Ronald Reagan sent Bandar to the British. The prince approached a willing Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and they sealed the massive deal between the United Kingdom, BAE Systems (formerly British Aerospace) and the Royal Saudi Air Force. Watch Ninja Scroll Mediafire. Rumors swirled that billions in bribes had changed hands to secure the deal, but British officials denied wrongdoing. Of course there is suspicion, and of course people are entitled to be suspicious," says Lord Timothy Bell, who was involved in the deal from the beginning on behalf of the Thatcher government. But as far as I'm concerned, if the British government .. Saudi government reached a sovereign agreement over an arms contract that resulted in a tremendous number of jobs in Britain, a great deal of wealth creation in Britain, .. Saudi Arabians to defend themselves, ..

I think that's a jolly good contract."But then, as a growing, international anti- bribery movement - - led by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - - spread, Britain signed onto a binding treaty. Soon after, a whistleblower came forward with documents and firsthand knowledge of alleged corrupt payments. Peter Gardiner, a high- end travel agent in London, laid bare the details of how he provided luxury services for Saudi Prince Turki and his family - - charter airplanes for massive shopping sprees, the purchase of expensive cars and extravagant honeymoon trips - - all paid for by BAE Systems. It's the lifestyle that many people would like to have if they could afford it," says Gardiner. It's a little bit beyond that of a film star, because you've got the diplomatic passport with it."Gardiner took his allegations first to The Guardian's Leigh, and then to the British agency that investigates white- collar crime, the Serious Fraud Office, which began an investigation.

That probe would turn up evidence of huge payments from the Al Yamamah funds to bank accounts controlled by Prince Bandar in Washington, D. C. As the investigation grew, the Blair government was pressured by the Saudis and by Prince Bandar himself, who went to 1. Downing Street and threatened to end cooperation with the British in the fight against terror if the investigations into Al Yamamah continued.

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The expression was, 'You know, there's going to be a lot of people dead on the streets,'" a senior British fraud prosecutor tells Bergman of the Saudi threats that ultimately led to the shutting down of the British BAE investigation. If we go forward with an investigation into these accounts in Switzerland, we may find we're not going to be able to do what we can do to stop terrorism."There was widespread frustration among corruption fighters about the British capitulation, and fears that the fledgling international anti- bribery movement would be undermined. Soon thereafter, the U. S. Department of Justice began its own investigation into BAE's worldwide network of suspicious payments. The case is now being watched closely by countries around the world interested in seeing whether the United States is willing, in a depressed economy, to press forward with an investigation and possible legal case against a company like BAE Systems, whose major client is the Pentagon, and which currently employs some 4. American workers. For its part, BAE says that it is cooperating with the investigations.

Black Money includes exclusive interviews with current and former prosecutors involved in the cases against BAE Systems, as well as with Prince Bandar's legal representative on this matter, former FBI Director Louis Freeh. Parallel to the documentary, FRONTLINE and its international newsmagazine FRONTLINE/World have launched The Business of Bribes, an unfolding online investigation. The site offers breaking news stories, as well as in- depth interviews with middlemen, prosecutors, whistleblowers and former presidents, detailing the stories behind some of the largest bribery investigations in corporate history.

This documentary and the Web site have been reported and produced in partnership with the Logan Investigative Reporting Program at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism Additional reporting for both the documentary and the Web site was provided by the nonprofit journalism organization Pro.

Country Profiles Global Forest Watch. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)The Convention on Biological Diversity was launched on 2. December 1. 99. 3. Its three main objectives are to conserve biological diversity, sustainably use the components of biological diversity, and fairly and equitably share the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources.

Terms. All terms—“ratification,” “accession,” “approval,” and “acceptance”—signify a state’s consent to be bound by a treaty. The legal incidents and implications of ratification, accession, approval, and acceptance are the same. The treaty becomes legally binding on the state or the regional economic integration organization. Countries that have not ratified the treaty are identified as “Non Parties.”Ratification and Accession.

Ratification and accession have the same legal effect. The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty. Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification. Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states.

Acceptance and Approval. The terms “acceptance” and “approval” originated more recently and apply under the same conditions as those for ratification. The legal effect is the same as ratification. The use of one term or the other results from differences in legal systems.

Certain countries, especially some East European states, use the terms “acceptance” or “approval” for participation in treaties. The terms are also used when organizations (e. EU) rather than states become parties to an international treaty. Succession. Succession occurs when one state replaces another in the responsibility for the international relations of a territory. Generally, a newly independent state that issues a notification of succession is considered a party to a treaty from the date of the succession of states or from the date of entry into force of the treaty, whichever is later. Citation: CBD, 2.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was negotiated at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 1. June 1. 99. 2 and entered into force on 2. March 1. 99. 3. The treaty’s main goal is the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”Terms. Watch The Hunt Online Metacritic. The convention divides countries into three main groups based on their commitments.

Annex 1 Parties. Industrialized countries that were members of the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) in 1. EIT Parties), such as the Russian Federation, the Baltic states, and several Central and Eastern European states. Annex II Parties. OECD members of Annex I but not the EIT Parties. Annex II Parties are required to provide financial resources to enable developing countries to undertake emissions reduction activities under the convention and to help them adapt to effects of climate change.

Non–Annex I Parties. Mostly developing countries that are recognized by the convention as being particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and/or the potential economic impacts of climate change response measures. Citation: UNFCCC, 2. Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 1. December 1. 99. 7 and entered into force on 1. February 2. 00. 5. It is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets internationally binding emission reduction targets for its parties.

Terms. Ratification and Accession. Ratification and accession have the same legal effect. The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty.

Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification. Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states. Citation: UNFCCC, 2.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted on 1. June 1. 99. 4 and entered into force in December 1. The Convention aims to combat desertification and to mitigate the effects of drought. Terms. Ratification and Accession. Ratification and accession have the same legal effect.

The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty. Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification. Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states. Citation: UNCCD, 2. International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA)The International Tropical Timber Agreement entered into force on 7 December 2.

The agreement aims “to promote the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests and to promote the sustainable management of tropical timber producing forests.”Terms. Members of the ITTA have consented to be bound by this agreement.

Producer members are those situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn with tropical forest resources and/or a net export of tropical timber. Consumer members are those that import tropical timber. Citation: ITTO, 2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is an international agreement that aims to ensure that international trade of wild plants and animals does not threaten their survival. Terms. All terms—“ratification,” “accession,” “approval,” and “acceptance”—signify a state’s consent to be bound by a treaty. The legal incidents and implications of ratification, accession, approval, and acceptance are the same. The treaty becomes legally binding on the state or the regional economic integration organization.

Countries that have not ratified the treaty are identified as “Non Parties.”Ratification and Accession. Ratification and accession have the same legal effect. The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty.

Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification.

Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states. Watch Ice Princess Hindi Full Movie. Acceptance and Approval.

The terms “acceptance” and “approval” originated more recently and apply under the same conditions as those for ratification. The legal effect is the same as ratification. The use of one term or the other results from differences in legal systems.

Certain countries, especially some East European states, use the terms “acceptance” or “approval” for participation in treaties. The terms are also used when organizations rather than states become parties to an international treaty (for example, the EU). Succession. Succession occurs when one state replaces another in the responsibility for the international relations of a territory. Generally, a newly independent state which makes a notification of succession is considered a party to a treaty from the date of the succession of states or from the date of entry into force of the treaty, whichever is later.

Citation: CITES, 2.