The Republic of Turkey. Facing defeat after World War I, The Ottoman Empire, together with her allies, was compelled to sign the Mondros Armistice on October 3.

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Ottoman State. Among the terms of the armistice was a provision that the entente powers could occupy areas deemed to be of strategic importance. These powers began to occupy Anatolia on November 1, 1. Following the Greek occupation of Izmir, a national resistance movement was formed by the Society of the Defence of Rights (Müdafaa- i Hukuk) to repel the occupation forces. The military branch was called "Kuvay- i Milliye". Despite the Society's best intentions, the movement remained disorganized until the arrival of Mustafa Kemal at Samsun. In addition to launching the War of Indepdendence, Kemal and his associates also began planning a new regime, in which the rule of State would be replaced by the rule of its citizens.

Oscar Isaac. Watch The Promise. HD Set during the last days of the Ottoman Empire. mediafire.com, sevenload.com, zshare.net, stage6.com, tudou.com, crunchyroll. THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY. Facing defeat after World War I, The Ottoman Empire, together with her allies, was compelled to sign the Mondros Armistice on October 30, 1918. Watch online The Ottoman Lieutenant 2017 full with English subtitle. Watch online free The Ottoman Lieutenant, Ben Kingsley, Josh Hartnett, Michiel Huisman, Hera.

Even under these unprecedented conditions, Mustafa Kemal and his comrades remained loyal to the rules of a democratic regime, and took the first steps towards establishing a republic. On April 2. 0, 1. Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) was founded to conduct the War of Independence despite the Ottoman parliament in occupied Istanbul. A Turkish victory at the battle at Dumlupınar on August 2. Battle of the Commander- in- Chief" (Başkomutanlık Savaşı), coupled with the liberation of Izmir on September 9, 1.

War of Independence. Watch The 33 Of San Jose HD 1080P. On July 2. 4, 1. 92. Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed and the TGNA announced on October 1. Ankara was the new capital.

Preparation was underway for the establishment of a strong republic. On October 2. 9, 1. Republic was proclaimed. Atatürk was then elected first President of the Republic of Turkey.

Atatürk's Reforms. Atatürk dedicated his life to legal, political and social reforms. First, important changes were made in the legislature. On April 2. 0, 1. Constitution was ratified, and in 1. Crop Tax was lifted. In 1. 92. 6 the Law of Obligations, and the Civil, Commercial and Criminal Codes were revised along western lines.

The closing of Dervish retreats, the Hat Law, and the adoption of the Gregorian calendar all created deep- rooted changes in the state and community. The same year the Latin alphabet was adopted to replace the Arabic script. The state structure was secularized in line with the sovereignty of the nation. The War of Independence, the Amasya Declaration, the Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, the establishment of the TGNA and the ratification of the 1. Constitution all reflected the sovereign rights of the Turkish nation. This dealt a blow to the concept of a theocratic state.

After the victory, the Sultanate and Caliphate were abolished (1. Canonical and Pious Foundations Ministry was closed (1. The article in the Constitution stating that the religion of the State was Islam, was deleted in 1. The multi- party parliamentary system was introduced in 1.

Turkey's model secularism differed from the classic western form in that though separation of religion and state was adopted, the State assumed control of religious affairs. All Turkish citizens are free to practice their own religion and 9. Moslem. No one is forced to attend religious gatherings, disclose their religious belief, and neither can they be discriminated against because of their religious practices. With the proclamation of the Republic, efforts were exerted to bring the traditional structure of the community to a level of contemporary civilization. The woman's rights movement gained impetus during the Reform period and Atatürk granted women the same rights as men.

The "women's revolution" brought about legal changes in the law concerning control of religious affairs by the State (1. Apparel Law of 1. Thus, the educational system was also secularized and women had the same right to an education as men. The veil was also abolished. Furthermore, the Civil Code ascertained a women's status in society not by a religious, but by a legal formula. Thus, polygamy was abolished. Both men and women were granted the same rights in the eyes of the law in regard to marriage, divorce and inheritance.

Women were given the right to vote and be elected to municipal councils in 1. National Assembly in 1. Women's Rights today: The Constitution embraces the basic principle of sexual equality. There is no discrimination in public enterprises with regard to salaries.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) agreement of 1. Turkey in 1. 96. 6.

On July 2. 4, 1. 98. TGNA approved the agreement drawn up by the UN denouncing discrimination based on sex. Atatürk also attached importance to developing relations with neighbouring countries and multilateral agreements such as the Balkan Agreement and the Sadabat Pact.

Reciprocal visits of Turkish and Greek Prime Ministers were encouraged and the agreements signed were instrumental in creating an atmosphere of peace in the region. In 1. 93. 6, the problem of the Bosphorus Straits was solved by the Montreux Convention followed in 1. Hatay problem in accordance with Turkey's wishes. During the past 7. The Republic of Turkey has achieved important developments in government administration, has established a pluralist parliamentary democratic regime that believes in secularism, has re- constructed its society, and has developed international relations and ties with related international organizations and institutions. The Republic has evaluated the latest developments in its geographical region, safeguards the principles of Atatürk, promotes its cultural, art and folkloric heritage, and has established a firm educational structure including sports activities. In short, Turkey is proud of the reformist steps it has taken in relation to man's view of the world, aware of what it has accomplished so far, and sure of itself both today and tomorrow.

Possessing all the advantages of its strong republic, bound to the principles of democracy, respect for human rights and aware of its national interests, the Republic of Turkey exerts every effort to solve its problems and constantly endeavours to improve the living standards of its citizens, all the while working to establish new and permanent friendship throughout the world. The Republic of Turkey, with its 7. Ever conscious of universal values, with deep respect for democracy and human rights, Turkey looks ahead to a healthy and happy future with hope, enthusiasm and determination.

Turkey - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 3. 9°N3. E / 3. 9°N 3. 5°E / 3. Turkey ( ( listen); Turkish: Türkiye[ˈtyɾcije]), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish:  Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info); pronounced [ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti]), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.[7] Turkey is bordered by eight countries with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijaniexclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The country is encircled by seas on three sides with the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia and separate Europe and Asia.[8]Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre.

Approximately 7. 0- 8. Turks.[9][1. 0] Kurds are the largest minority at about 2. Circassians, Albanians, Arabs, Bosniaks and Georgians.[1. Minority languages spoken today in Turkey include Kurmanji, Arabic, Zaza, Kabardian and several others.[1]The area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians.[1. After Alexander the Great conquered these lands, the area was Hellenized, a process which continued under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine Empire.[1.

The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 1. Turkification, which was accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1. Turkish beyliks.[2. From the end of the 1. Ottomans started uniting Anatolia and created an empire that encompassed much of Southeast Europe, West Asia and North Africa.[2.

The Ottoman Empire reached its peak land mass and became a world power during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent in the early modern period.[2. It remained powerful and influential for two more centuries, until important setbacks in the 1. Europe, which signaled the loss of its former military strength and wealth. After the 1. 91. 3 Ottoman coup d'état, which effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, the Ottoman Empire decided to join the Central Powers during World War I. The Central Powers were ultimately defeated by the Allied Powers. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides[I] against its Armenian, Assyrian and Pontic Greek citizens.[2.

Following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states.[2. The Turkish War of Independence, initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues against occupying Allies, resulted in the abolition of monarchy in 1. Republic of Turkey in 1. Atatürk as its first president.[2. Atatürk enacted numerous reforms, many of which incorporated various aspects of western thought, philosophy, and customs into the new form of Turkish government.[2. Turkey is a charter member of the UN, an early member of NATO, the IMF and the World Bank, and a founding member of the OECD, OSCE, BSEC, OIC and G- 2. After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1.

Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1. EU Customs Union in 1. European Union in 2.

Turkey's economy and diplomatic initiatives led to its recognition as a regional power while its location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.[2. Turkey's current administration headed by president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has reversed many of the country's earlier reforms which had been in place since the founding of the modern republic of Turkey, such as Freedom of the Press, and a Legislative System of Checks and Balances.

A set of standards for secularism in government, as first enacted by Atatürk have also diminished in favour of conservative religionist governance, to the grievance of much of the Turkish public.[3. Etymology. The name of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye) can be divided into two components: the ethnonym. Türk and the abstract suffix–iye meaning "owner", "land of" or "related to" (originally derived from the Greek and Latin suffixes –ia in Tourkia (Τουρκία) and Turchia; and later from the corresponding Arabic suffix–iyya in Turkiyya). The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkicinscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. AD 7. 35).[3. 5] The Turkic self- designation Türk is first attested in reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century AD. A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 5.

Great Turk Khan."[3. An early form of the same name may be reflected in the form of "tie- le" (鐵勒) or "tu- jue" (突厥), name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 1.

BC.[3. 7] The Greek name, Tourkia (Greek: Τουρκία) was used by the Byzantineemperor and scholar. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio,[3. Turks" always referred to Magyars.[4. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources.[4. However, the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk- controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1. The medieval Greek and Latin terms did not designate the same geographic area now known as Turkey. Instead, they were mostly synonymous with Tartary, a term including Khazaria and the other khaganates of the Central Asian steppe, until the appearance of the Seljuks and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 1.

Turkic expansion. By contrast, the Persian derivation Turkestan remains mostly applied to Central Asia.

The name is derived from the ethnic self- designation Türk, as Turkestan is a Persian or Persianate term meaning "abode of the Turks". The Modern Persian word ترکیه is a derivation with the Arabic nisba suffix.

The name for Turkey in the Turkish language, Türkiye, also contains the nisba suffix –iye. The Arabic cognate Turkiyya (Arabic: تركيا) in the form Dawla al- Turkiyya (State of the Turks) was historically used as an official name for the medieval Mamluk Sultanate which covered Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Hejaz and Cyrenaica.

The Icelandic word Tyrkland, and the Hungarian word Törökország, i. Turk- land", use native forms of derivation. History. Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world. Various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period.[4. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo- European language family.[4.

In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo- European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo- European languages radiated.[4. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty thousand years ago, and is known to have been in the Neolithic era by about 6. BC.[4. 7]Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man- made religious structure, a temple dating to circa 1. BC,[4. 2] while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7. BC to 5. 70. 0 BC.

It is the largest and best- preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2. UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4. The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.[4.